Dandruff
Overview
Scalp flakes, or dandruff, are a fairly common skin problem. It's not contagious and usually not a serious health concern. However, it can be uncomfortable and sometimes make you feel self-conscious.
A gentle shampoo used daily often helps with mild dandruff. If a gentle shampoo doesn't work, a medicated shampoo might be necessary. Even with treatment, dandruff can sometimes come back.
Dandruff is a type of skin irritation on the scalp called seborrheic dermatitis. This irritation is often mild, but it can be more noticeable on the scalp.
Symptoms
Dandruff is often recognized by noticeable flakes of skin. These flakes can appear on your scalp, hair, eyebrows, beard, mustache, and even your shoulders. Another common symptom is an itchy scalp. Babies sometimes have a similar, but different condition called cradle cap, which shows up as a scaly, crusty scalp.
Dandruff symptoms can get worse if you're feeling stressed or during colder, drier times of year. Most people can manage dandruff with over-the-counter shampoos. If your dandruff doesn't improve with regular use of these shampoos, it's a good idea to see your primary care doctor or a dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin conditions).
When to see a doctor
Many people get dandruff, and it usually doesn't need a visit to the doctor. If you're using anti-dandruff shampoo regularly and it's not helping, then you should talk to your family doctor or a dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin problems).
Causes
Dandruff is a common scalp problem with several possible causes. One reason is having a scalp that's either too oily or too dry. Another is a type of fungus called Malassezia. This fungus is quite common, and it feeds on the natural oils produced by most people's scalps. Sometimes, dandruff is a reaction to hair products. This is called contact dermatitis. Finally, other skin conditions like psoriasis and eczema can also sometimes cause dandruff-like symptoms.
Risk factors
Dandruff is a common problem, but some things can make you more likely to get it.
- Age: Most people first notice dandruff in their young adult years, and it often continues into middle age. However, it's not uncommon for people to have dandruff their whole lives. It's not just a young person's problem.
- Gender: Men tend to get dandruff more often than women.
- Health conditions: Some illnesses can increase your chances of having dandruff. For example, Parkinson's disease and other conditions that affect the nervous system might make dandruff more likely. A weakened immune system, such as from HIV, can also play a role.
Diagnosis
A doctor can usually tell if you have dandruff just by examining your hair and scalp. They'll look for flakes of skin, which are a common sign of dandruff. This visual check is often enough to make a diagnosis.
Treatment
Dandruff is often manageable. It's caused by flaking skin on the scalp. Most people can control it, and many effective treatments are available.
First Steps for Mild Dandruff:
If you have mild dandruff, start with a gentle shampoo. This helps remove excess oil and dead skin cells. If this doesn't work, try a medicated dandruff shampoo. For some, using a medicated shampoo two or three times a week, along with a regular shampoo on other days, is enough. People with dry hair may do better with less frequent shampooing and a moisturizing conditioner.
Different Types of Dandruff Shampoos:
There are many different dandruff shampoos, and they come in various forms like solutions, foams, gels, sprays, ointments, and oils. You might need to experiment with several products to find what works best for you. Treatment often requires ongoing use.
Important Safety Precautions:
If any shampoo causes itching, stinging, or burning, stop using it immediately. If you notice a rash, hives, or trouble breathing, get medical help right away. This is a serious allergic reaction.
Types of Medicated Dandruff Shampoos:
Dandruff shampoos have different ingredients, and some are stronger than others.
- Zinc Pyrithione Shampoos (e.g., Head & Shoulders): These shampoos contain zinc pyrithione, which has antibacterial and antifungal properties.
- Tar-Based Shampoos (e.g., Neutrogena T/Gel): Coal tar in these shampoos slows down skin cell shedding. Keep in mind that they can stain light-colored hair and make your scalp more sensitive to sunlight.
- Salicylic Acid Shampoos (e.g., some Jason products): These shampoos help remove flaky skin.
- Selenium Sulfide Shampoos (e.g., Selsun Blue): These shampoos contain an antifungal agent. Follow directions carefully, as they can stain hair and scalp.
- Ketoconazole Shampoos (e.g., Nizoral): These shampoos kill the fungi that often cause dandruff.
- Fluocinolone Shampoos (e.g., some prescription products): These contain a corticosteroid to reduce itching, flaking, and irritation.
Finding the Right Routine:
If one shampoo stops working, try alternating between different types. Once your dandruff is under control, you can gradually reduce how often you use the medicated shampoo to maintain its effectiveness.
Important Instructions:
Always carefully read and follow the instructions on the shampoo bottle. Some shampoos need to be left on for a few minutes, while others require a quick rinse.
When to See a Doctor:
If you've been using a medicated shampoo for several weeks and your dandruff persists, consult a doctor or dermatologist. They might recommend a stronger prescription shampoo or a steroid lotion.
Disclaimer: August is a health information platform and its responses don't constitute medical advise. Always consult with a licenced medical professional near you before making any changes.